全域核心區塊
# 執行使用者/群組 (安全原則：最小權限)
user www www;
# Worker 進程數 (建議 = CPU 核心數 或 2x)
worker_processes 2;
# 錯誤日誌等級 [debug|info|notice|warn|error|crit]
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log crit;
# PID 檔案
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
# 單進程最大開檔數 (配合 ulimit -n)
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;
Events 區塊：網路 I/O 模型
events {
# Linux 2.6+ 高效模型 epoll；FreeBSD 用 kqueue
use epoll;
# 單進程最大連線數 (總上限 = worker_processes × worker_connections)
worker_connections 51200;
}
HTTP 區塊核心優化
http {
# MIME 對照表
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# 日誌格式
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
# 編碼
charset utf-8;
# 防止 Hash 碰撞導致效能退化
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
# 高效檔案傳送 (零拷貝)
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on; # 封包累積發送
tcp_nodelay on; # 關閉 Nagle 演算法，低延遲
# Keep-Alive 超時
keepalive_timeout 300;
# FastCGI 參數 (PHP-FPM 專用)
fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
fastcgi_buffer_size 128k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 256k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 256k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 256k;
fastcgi_temp_path /dev/shm; # 記憶體盤加速
# Gzip 壓縮
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain application/javascript text/css application/xml
text/javascript application/json application/x-javascript;
# 錯誤頁面
error_page 404 /404.html;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
# 上傳限制
client_max_body_size 20m;
client_header_buffer_size 16k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 64k;
Upstream 負載均衡配置
upstream backend {
# 調度演算法：wrr (加權輪詢)、least_conn、ip_hash、hash、least_time
least_conn;
server 192.168.8.1:3128 weight=5; # Squid 快取層
server 192.168.8.2:80 weight=1;
server 192.168.8.3:80 weight=6;
# 備援節點
server 192.168.8.4:80 backup;
}
虛擬主機 Server 區塊實戰
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example.com example.com;
root /var/www/example;
index index.html index.php;
# 強制 HTTPS (生產環境建議)
# return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
# 目錄斜線重導
if (-d $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$ https://$host/$1$2/ permanent;
}
# 存取日誌
access_log /var/log/nginx/example_access.log main;
# PHP 處理
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # 或 unix:/run/php-fpm.sock
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
}
# 靜態資源直接服務、長期快取
location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|woff|woff2)$ {
expires 30d;
add_header Cache-Control "public, no-transform";
}
# 反向代理至 Upstream
location / {
proxy_pass https://backend;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
# 緩衝區調整
proxy_buffer_size 4k;
proxy_buffers 4 32k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k;
# 超時控制
proxy_connect_timeout 90;
proxy_send_timeout 90;
proxy_read_timeout 90;
# 傳送大檔支援
client_max_body_size 100m;
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
}
# 拒絕隱藏檔案存取
location ~ /\. {
deny all;
}
}
效能調優關鍵參數對照表
| 參數 | 建議值 | 影響面向 |
|---|
| worker_processes | CPU 核心數 | CPU 利用率、上下文切換 |
| worker_connections | 10240~65535 | 最大併發連線 |
| worker_rlimit_nofile | ≥ worker_connections × 2 | 開檔數限制 |
| sendfile | on | 零拷貝、靜態檔案吞吐 |
| tcp_nopush + tcp_nodelay | on + on | 網路封包效率、延遲 |
| keepalive_timeout | 60~300 | 長連線復用、記憶體佔用 |
| gzip_types | 盡量完整 | 傳輸體積減少 60-80% |
| fastcgi_temp_path | /dev/shm | PHP 回應緩衝加速 |
| proxy_buffering | off (串流) / on (緩衝) | 記憶體 vs 回應延遲權衡 |
安全加固最小集
# 隱藏版本號
server_tokens off;
# SSL 現代配置 (需 OpenSSL 1.0.2+)
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 10m;
# 安全標頭
add_header X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options nosniff;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block";
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;
